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Education is very important from time to time. So that
all things about education must be arranged and planned very well. The many
philosophies of education in the world of education always play a role and
influence in the ongoing education such as learning methods, facilities,
strategies and others. Education management is carried out according to the
philosophy used. In this journal, we will discuss the influence of empiricism
philosophy, the influence of perennialism philosophy, the influence of essentialism
philosophy, the influence of progressivism philosophy and the influence of
reconstructionism philosophy to education management.
First, the influence of empiricism in education
management is emphasizes that education is the heartbreaking of the future,
while the factors that come from within, such as talent and descent don't have
similarities in the future(Setianingsih, 2008). If education management
uses the philosophy of empiricism, the world of education will be based on
experience in science. The point is that someone who plays an important role in
the world of education such as a teacher, must have experience but what has
been proven by science.
John Locke (1632-1704)
seeing that the child born is like a to blank white paper that has not been
written, therefore this flow or theory is also called tabularasa theory. The
period of child development into adulthood is greatly influenced by the
environment or experience and education he received since chilhood. Basically,
humans can be educated according to the will of the environment.. Experience
from the environment is what determines one's personality (Ahmadi and
Uhbiyati, 1991; Thoib, 2008). So what kind of a child is developing is
influenced by the environment, so education must be managed with a very good
environment. Starting from the teacher who always gives positive viruses in the
classroom, provides good experiences for students. Due to this empiricism
stating that the development of children depends on the environment, therefore
one of the determinants of the success of education by requiring a good
environment. To create good conditions it is necessary to pay attention and
care to all that exists, like; leadership, teachers, community as supporters of
the education, and students.
Second, if the management of education using the philosophy
of perennialism is the influence of education and subjects will focus on regressive
road to culture. Because Mohammad Noor Syam (1984) expressing the
view of perennialism, that education must mobilize more attention to a culture
that has been tested and resilient. Because the philosophy of perennialism saw
that the life of modern era has caused crises in various fields of human life,
assuming that the modern era has caused damage. So as to overcome this crisis,
the philophy of perennialism provides a way out of "returning to the
culture of the past”—regresive road to culture. Therefore, philosophy of
perennialism considers the importance of the role of education in the process
of returning the state of modern-day humans to the culture of the past which is
considered quite ideal that has been tested for its toughness and perfection.
Hutchins (1963)
developed an undergraduate student curriculum based on research on the
Historical Big Ledger (Great Books) and discussion of classic books. The
Hutchins perennialist curriculum is based on three assumptions about education;
(1) Education must promote the search for human truth that continues
continuously, any truth will always be true everywhere—universal and not time
bound. (2) Education must focus on ideas because the work of the mind is
intellectual, and human rationality is the most important function in
education. (3) Education must stimulate a person to think deeply about
significant ideas and educators must use correct and critical thinking such as
their main method.
Third, the influence of the essentialism philosophy of
education management is almost the same as perennialism philosophy, which is to
want the education process to return to the old culture. (Ali 1993: 116)
said that the philosophy of essentialism wants humans to return to old culture
because old culture has done a lot goodness for humans. The concept of
essentialism education suggests that schools must train, teach, or educate
students to be able to communicate clearly and logically. The core curriculum
skills must be in the form of reading, writing, speaking and arithmetic. In
adition, the school is responsible for paying attention mastery of students
towards these skills, because the implementation of the curriculum requires
adequate media, facilities and environmental support. According to essetialism
philosophy, school education must be practical and provide logical teaching and
be able to prepare and for the lives of students. In this case, schools may not
influence or establish social policies.
Philosophy of essentialism has six rules in managing
education; (1) education must be done with great effort, because education does
not only arise from within students, (2) intiatives in basic education for
teachers not students, (3) the intiative of the education process is the
assimilation of predetermined subjects, (4) schools must maintain traditional
methods related to mental discipline, (5) the ultimate goal of education is to
improve the general welfare of the demands of real democracy, (6) traditional
methods related to mental discipline are preferred methods in the process of
education in schools.
Fourth, the philosophy of progressivism is wants
quality education to be better than the present. According to philosophy of
progressivesm education must continue to develop progressively. Education does
not only convey knowledge to students but exercises the ability to think in
solving problems.The purpose of education according to this philosophy is to
see experience as a foundation for investing. Education must be able to help
humans solve problems in life, and be able to develop a broad mindset education
must be better than today. Education must follow the era of globalization
because education according to philosophy of progressiveism must be able to
help humans solve problems that are concrete.If this progressivism philosophy
is applied in education, then; (1) learning must relate to interests and
talents, (2) the process of learning must through problem solving, (3) education
must be prefer to teamwork in place of competation, (4) learning applying
system a group and democratic system.
Philosophy of progressivism also has rules in the
curriculum; not universal, meaning that it must vary according to school level
and conditions, adapted to interests, talents and needs, based on the society, it
can be flexibly changed or revised.
Finally, the influence of education management based
on the philosophy of reconstructionism. Georgr Count and Harold Rugg (1930)
want to build a new society, an appropriate and fair society. Theodore Brameld said
the foundation for "social reconstruction" with several publications
such as "Pattern of Educational Philosophy (1950), a reconstructed philosophy
of education (1956), and education as power (1965). This is in accordance with
the view that is based on an assumption that we have switched from a rural agrarian
society to a high-tech urban society. But there is still a serious cultural
delay, namely in the ability of humans to adapt to the technology community.
According
to Brameld (Kneller, 1971) there are 5 theories of reconstructionist
education; (1) education must be carried out here and now in order to create a
new social order that will fill the basic values of our culture, and be in
harmony with the underlying economic and social forces of modern society, (2) new
society must be in the life of true democracy where the main sources and institutions
in society are controlled by their own citizens, (3) children, schools and education
itself are conditioned by cultural and social forces, (4) the teacher must
believe in the validity and urgency of the dirinnya wisely by paying attention
to democratic procedures, (5) the way and purpose of education must be changed
again entirely with the aim of finding needs related to the current cultural
crisis, and to adjust needs to social science that encourages us to find values
that humans believe or do not value it is universal reviewing the preparation
of the curriculum, the content of the lesson, the methods used, the
administrative structure, and the way the teacher is trained.
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